During femtosecond laser fabrication, photons are mainly absorbed by electrons, and the subsequent energy transfer from electrons to ions is of picosecond order. Hence, lattice motion is negligible ...

The dynamics of a process response can be modeled by three types of parameters: dead time, time constant, and process gain. The dynamics are identified from the plant's operation, and they determine ...

Regulatory demands for information about process control strategies are increasing as the industry embraces continuous manufacturing.

Research in dynamics includes theoretical, computational and experimental research in the general area of dynamical systems, dynamics and vibrations, dynamics of flexible bodies, high-dimensional ...